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“I Like to Call Derby the Ogun State of the UK” – Abroad Life

The Nigerian experience is physical, emotional, and sometimes international. No one knows it better than our features on #TheAbroadLife, a series where we detail and explore Nigerian experiences while living abroad.

This week’s Abroad Life subject is a Nigerian Twitter influencer who’s known as Oluomo of Derby. He lives in Derby, United Kingdom, where he doubles as a business entrepreneur and founder of the Nigerians in UK Community. He speaks with us on migrating to the UK, starting his community of 9,500 members and his views on the 2023 elections back home.

What motivated you to move to the UK?

Mostly my desire to have a better life than the one I was living in Nigeria. I grew up with a single parent, my mother. Paying bills for a family of five wasn’t easy for her. Many years ago, my uncle advised me to continue my education in the United Kingdom, so I could have more chances of providing a better life for myself and my family back home.

What was the migration process like?

I did my undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering on a student visa. After my graduation, I was able to get a work permit and the rest is history.

What was school like?

It was a unique learning experience for me. The teaching process was more practical than Nigeria’s theory-based style. I could therefore assimilate everything much faster and easier. UK nationals usually see Nigerians as smart, so I was tagged “a bright lad”.

Focusing on school while working odd jobs, which I needed to pay my bills, wasn’t the easiest thing to. Sometimes, you want to go out with your friends, and you need money to finance the outings. I had to consistently remind myself of my goals to keep from giving up. The good part was that my uncle gave me shelter during my stay at the university. I didn’t have to worry about rent, at least.

How did you transition from mechanical engineer to business entrepreneur?

I’ve always wanted to be an entrepreneur. After university, I got a job in London where I made less than £2k a month. It sounds like a huge amount of money, but there are so many bills to pay: rent, car insurance, the British council tax, regular tax and black tax. By the time I paid those bills every month for three years, I realised I couldn’t continue working under someone. This strengthened my resolve to be an entrepreneur.

My friend who runs a business in Derby offered to train me as a business entrepreneur. I was under her for a few months before I started my own business. At the end of the day, finances will always be a key factor in choosing a career.

How are the living expenses in Derby compared to London?

Living in London is very expensive. I wrote a thread on Twitter a couple of months ago, about how London is like Lagos in the areas of cost of living and the general “hustle and bustle”. On the flip side, Derby is this peaceful town with affordable living conditions. I’d like to call it the “Ogun State” of the UK.

For instance, in London, you can rent a room for about £700 a month, but the same room in Derby will be £350 a month, with bills all-inclusive. If it’s a house, you can rent that for £700 in Derby while you’d pay £1,400 for the same house in London.

WOW

Yup. And the one in Derby would be a well-furnished house with a driveaway, garden, everything. That’s why it’s always advisable to live in cheap cities around London like Northampton, especially if you’re new to the UK. And it’s always better to seek a Nigerian community in whatever new country you live in, so you don’t get stranded.

How did you build a Nigerian community with over 9,000 members in the UK?

The idea came to my head in March 2022. I noticed other diaspora communities, like the Indian, Filipinos, Polish and so many others, have made a lot of progress in terms of the standard of living for their community in the UK, but Nigerians? Not so much. We always say we’re intelligent, but as a community, we’re not doing so well with issues like tuition fees, job hunting, accommodation and what have you.

I decided to take it upon myself to build a community to make sure these issues become a thing of the past. I achieved membership growth by partnering with other Twitter influencers in the UK plus calls for membership on my own platform.

What are the benefits of being in this community?

Personal development trainings, career networking, job opportunities, real estate ads and even speed dating. Essentially, the Nigerians in UK Community is a home away from home. Recently, we started political awareness meetings to remind ourselves of the elections that’s about to take place at home. And we started a movement for members to contact their family back home to collect their Permanent Voter’s Card (PVC).

We didn’t tell our members to vote for any particular candidate because everyone has the right to vote for whoever they choose. We don’t organise rallies, but our members attend the candidates’ rallies to show their support. For instance, I went with some to Labour Party (LP) candidate, Peter Obi’s London rally in 2022, where we had the opportunity to speak with him and Aisha Yesufu on his plans for implementing diaspora voting here in the UK.

Why Obi?

We’ve tried the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) for 16 years, and they didn’t change Nigeria. We’ve tried the All Progressives Congress (APC) for eight years, and that didn’t work out either. We’ve heard about national gridlocks, fuel scarcity, nepotism, inflation, high level of unemployment, Buhari’s “medical tourism”, insecurity, kidnapping, etc. I cannot in my right mind vote for another APC candidate after everything that could go wrong HAS gone wrong with Buhari. Nigerians are tired of suffering. We can’t keep going in the same direction.

I’m not saying Obi is a Messiah, but compared to two bad eggs, he looks like a saint.

So you make sure your members remember their Nigerian roots?

Yes, I do. I use my Twitter platform to educate Nigerians on politics and policies like minimum wage, unequal distribution of wealth, etc. Lately, I’ve also hosted a lot of Twitter Spaces with political analysts to keep Nigerians abreast of the 2023 elections.

It’s important that even as we work towards making a living for ourselves here, we never forget who we are — Nigerians.

Chiamaka Dike

February 3, 2023

Abroad Life, Citizen

2023 Elections, abroad life, Derby, Nigeria, Oluomo of Derby, united kingdom
It’s Raining Nigerian Doctors in the UK

This is Zikoko Citizen’s Game of Votes weekly dispatch that helps you dig into all the good, bad, and extremely bizarre stuff happening in Nigeria and why they’re important to you.

Subscribe now to get the newsletter in your email inbox at 8 am every Friday instead of three days later. Don’t be LASTMA.

If you’re feeling mischievous and throw a stone into a United Kingdom hospital, there are good odds it’ll land on a Nigerian-trained doctor who’ll scream, “Wetin be that?”

Seven years ago when Buhari became president, only 233 Nigerian-trained doctors moved to the UK. But that’s only 33 more than the 200 Nigerian doctors who moved to the UK in September 2022 alone.

If you had to guess how many Nigerian-trained doctors have relocated to the United Kingdom the entire year, what would your number be? According to the UK’s General Medical Council, the number of fleeing doctors between January and September is 1,307.

And there are more doctors waiting on the queue to get out of the country [Image source: Zikoko Memes]

For a country that already has a shortage of doctors in the health sector, losing even one doctor to other countries is a concern. To lose 1,307 professionals in just nine months is a tragedy. According to research by BMJ Global Health, low and middle-income countries lose $15.86 billion annually when locally-trained doctors migrate to high-income countries. The greatest total costs are incurred by India, Pakistan, South Africa and, of course, Nigeria ($3.1 billion).

The unchecked loss of highly-qualified doctors to new dispensations poses a threat to Nigeria’s already troubled health sector. Not only is it a loss of human capital with economic consequences, but can be a matter of life and death for Nigerians that need quality care.

[Image source: Zikoko Memes]

Nigerian doctors, like other Nigerians surfing the japa wave, are fleeing poor working and living conditions in pursuit of better opportunities abroad, and you have to wonder when the Nigerian government will tackle the exodus with ideas more sophisticated than just simply chaining them to hospital beds.

What else happened this week?

The 2023 presidential election is finally gaining life

The top three candidates for the 2023 presidential election finally breathed some life into their campaigns two weeks too late. On September 28, 2022, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) officially opened the floor for candidates to start campaigning, but all three have been sluggish with kicking things off.

What changed this week?

The candidate of the Labour Party (LP), Peter Obi, announced a presidential campaign council comprising 1,234 (seriously, this number isn’t a joke) members. Former presidential spokesperson and Obi’s current ride-or-die, Doyin Okupe, is the campaign’s director-general. Okupe boasted Obi already has a minimum of 15 million votes waiting for him at the polls, as long as INEC doesn’t do anyhow.

Notably, Obi skipped the committee’s unveiling ceremony for a speaking engagement at the ICAN 52nd Annual Accountants Conference. But with how low the standards have got, you’re just thankful he wasn’t off somewhere in London secretly treating an undisclosed illness.

The candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Atiku Abubakar, officially flagged off his campaign and promised Nigerians would never again suffer from hunger and insecurity.

[Image source: Zikoko Memes]

But his campaign is still haunted by the ghost of Rivers State governor, Nyesom Wike, who predictably didn’t show up at the campaign launch, putting a question mark on Atiku’s high regard for himself as a unifier. In fact, days later, the party postponed two campaign outings in two states reportedly to give the candidate more time to patch things with Wike.

The candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Bola Tinubu, also oversaw the launch of the party’s Women Presidential Campaign Committee. He charged his campaigners to preach his gospel and politely tell people that want his party out of government to shut their dirty mouths. It’s a great way to endear yourself to undecided voters if the goal is to lose the election.

Question of the week

What should the Nigerian government be doing about the ongoing flooding crisis that it isn’t already doing?

Click here to tweet your answer to @ZikokoCitizen on Twitter.

Ehen, one more thing…

The governor of Rivers State, Nyesom Wike, appointed over 28,000 officials for political units this week. When you get over the taxpayer cost of these appointments, you have to wonder if the governor is preparing for an imminent war the rest of us don’t know about.

Samson Toromade

October 17, 2022

Game of Votes

2023 Elections, 2023 presidential election, ATIKU ABUBAKAR, Game of Votes, Nigerian doctors, united kingdom
Queen Elizabeth II’s “Relationship” With Nigeria in Pictures

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom has died after 96 long years on this rock planet. She ascended the throne in 1952, just eight years before Nigeria finally became independent from the colonial grips of her British empire.

We look at her relationship with Nigeria through the lenses of many cameras over the decades.

1956: Queen Elizabeth II’s first time in Nigeria

Queen Elizabeth’s first ~~excursion~~ visit to Nigeria happened in 1956. She spent 20 days after landing on January 28th, making a lit entrance in this borrow-pose Rolls Royce:

Here are a lot of black and white pictures from the visit:

[Image Source: Nigerian Finder]

[Image Source: Arewa Cycle]

[Image Source: Guardian Nigeria]

[Image Source: Nigerian Nostalgia Project]

[Image Source: Nigerian Nostalgia Project]

[Image Source: Facebook/TalkRealSolutions]

[Image Source: Only Africa Facts]

The Queen got some colourful pictures too:

[Image Source: Nigerian Nostalgia Project]

[Image Source: Study HQ]

[Image Source: Nigerian Info]

[Image Source: Nigerian Nostalgia Project]

And she had adoring fans at the time too, or people who just needed to make their urgent ₦2k:

[Image Source: Nigerian Nostalgia Project]

2003: Queen Elizabeth II’s reunion with Nigeria

Queen Elizabeth visited Nigeria a second time for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) summit in 2003. She spent only two days, so you only get two pictures from her visit.

President Olusegun Obasanjo played host:

[Image Source: Alamy]

ALSO READ: Operation London Bridge: Queen Lizzie Is Dead

Handshakes with Nigerian presidents

President Obasanjo was Nigeria’s only democratic president to host Queen Elizabeth, but she hosted others in her country.

Like President Yar’Adua:

[Image Source: Dominic Lipinski/PA Images]

President Jonathan ~~and his orange juice~~:

[Image Source: Getty Images]

She also shook hands with this guy:

[Image Source: Presidency]

…on more than one occasion:

[Image Source: Presidency]

And then, there was this one time she synced in formation with the Nigerian High Commissioner, George Oguntade:

[Image Source: Vogue]

ALSO READ: But How Does Queen Elizabeth II’s Death Affect Nigeria?

Samson Toromade

September 10, 2022

Citizen

Muhammadu Buhari, Nigeria, Nigerians, olusegun obasanjo, Queen Elizabeth, united kingdom
But How Does Queen Elizabeth II’s Death Affect Nigeria?

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom lived a long eventful life, but she finally died at the age of 96 on September 8th, 2022.

The queen’s exit is the end of an era and its impact isn’t limited to just her home from where colonialism did a global tour. Her death will directly impact many things in Britain from the nation’s anthem to its banknotes.

But what impact can the queen’s death possibly have in Nigeria?

We’ll probably name something after her

As Nigeria’s former monarch, it should come as no shock to anyone when the Nigerian government decides to (re)name something important after Queen Elizabeth.

Serial presidential aspirant, Adamu Garba, is already ahead of everyone and suggesting the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) be renamed in the queen’s honour.

In order to immortalized Queen Elizabeth, we should rename the University of Nigeria, Nsukka to Queen Elizabeth University of Nigeria since it is the first University in Nigeria.
— Adamu J. B Garba II (@adamugarba) September 8, 2022

We can expect the Nigerian government to do oversabi and name the Fourth Mainland Bridge or soon-to-be-completed Second Niger Bridge in her honour.

There may be a public holiday

The United Kingdom will likely set aside a day as a public holiday in honour of the queen. As part of the Commonwealth of Nations, Nigeria may decide to adopt this holiday, but this isn’t set in stone. We can always do with an extra holiday sha, and treat it as a final gift from the queen. Buhari, make it happen!

ALSO READ: Why the FG Needs to Give Us More Public Holidays

Renegotiate Commonwealth membership

Speaking of the Commonwealth of Nations, the queen’s death is expected to affect the political association that’s been criticised as a post-colonial legacy of the British empire. It’s a PR club to launder the history of an empire that colonised and exploited the world. And the queen’s death may be the catalyst to finally burn it to the ground.

Those Benin Bronzes

Over 100 years after British soldiers destroyed the Benin Kingdom and stole thousands of artefacts, many of them remain scattered all over the world. While many institutions are starting to return these artefacts, the British Museum which houses the biggest collection has insisted on hanging on to them. They keep telling Nigeria:

Maybe King Charles will press the museum’s neck to return them in an attempt to earn some low-hanging goodwill?

Buhari has a trip to plan

Buhari can’t allow a good excuse to travel to the UK go to waste, and the queen’s death is a reason as good as any. Expect our travel blogger-in-chief to hop on a plane anytime soon to go console King Charles.

ALSO READ: Operation London Bridge: Queen Lizzie Is Dead

Samson Toromade

September 9, 2022

Citizen

Britain, Muhammadu Buhari, Nigeria, Nigerians, Queen Elizabeth, united kingdom
Why Nigeria Is Accepting Deported Criminals to Keep UK Safe

On June 30th, 2022, ~~our coloniser~~ the United Kingdom’s Home Secretary, Priti Patel, announced the signing of an immigration deal with Nigeria.

She tweeted, “Our new landmark agreement with Nigeria will increase the deportation of dangerous foreign criminals to make our streets and country safer.”

The deal is part of the UK’s New Plan for Immigration policy, and Patel’s announcement caused some unease in Nigeria, for obvious reasons.

Why would Nigeria import dangerous foreign criminals to make the UK safer? It’s not like we don’t already have our own steady supply of criminals just roaming the streets.

The UK has a problem with foreign criminals

The UK is easily a favourite destination for legal and illegal immigrants from all over the world. It has one of the world’s oldest monuments, gave us James Bond and there’s always Royal Family drama so we understand the appeal.

Sometimes, the foreigners landing in the UK may commit crimes and get into trouble with the law. Such an offender is classified as a foreign national offender (FNO) by the New Plan for Immigration. If the foreign offender is sentenced to a prison term of at least 12 months, they get a bonus punishment — automatic deportation.

This means once you trigger that release clause, you should be ready to return to ~~the trenches~~ your country of origin when you finish your sentence, or even before then.

But here’s where the UK’s headache sets in. As outlined in the New Plan for Immigration policy statement, foreign national offenders aren’t interested in returning to their own countries.

So foreign national offenders use the instruments of the law to file claims in courts to delay their removal or even nullify it, if they get lucky. This was how the UK ended up with 10,000 undeportable foreign national offenders as of 2020. The UK also has 42,000 foreigners whose asylum applications have failed but have refused to leave.

ALSO READ: “When I Got to the UK, I Realised the Meaning of ‘It’s So Cold Outside’” – Abroad Life

And that’s where Nigeria comes in

To be clear, the “dangerous foreign criminals” the UK will be sending to Nigeria are Nigerian-born, not random citizens of other countries as was initially feared.

The agreement between the two countries also affects immigration offenders, not just convicted criminals. It speeds up the process of removing Nigerian-born convicted criminals and illegal migrants.

The UK has already deported 13 Nigerians as a result of the deal. Eight of the deportees were convicted criminals, and the remaining five were described as immigration offenders. The UK government has signed similar deals with Albania, Ghana, India and Serbia.

Why would Nigeria agree to this deal?

The Nigerian government hasn’t released any public statement addressing the UK deal, so it’s impossible to speculate what the thought process — if any — behind the agreement was.

But the New Plan for Immigration policy statement was clear that the UK would pressure countries into accepting their convicted citizens in an expedited manner.

And if the affected countries don’t agree?

The UK government could enforce stricter control of UK visa availability to any stubborn country. We can guess one or two reasons why that’s the kind of thing to turn a few heads in Abuja. Hint: It starts with “m” and ends with “edical tourism”.

ALSO READ: How to Stay Safe in Nigeria — Tips from the Nigerian Police

Samson Toromade

July 8, 2022

Citizen

immigration, Nigeria, united kingdom
Why Senator Ekweremadu Is Currently Sleeping in a UK Prison

One day you’re a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; the next day you’re a guest in a UK prison. That’s currently the (developing) story of Senator Ike Ekweremadu.

Who’s he?

This guy.

Ekweremadu first won an election to the Senate to represent Enugu West senatorial district in 2003. He’s also Nigeria’s longest-serving deputy senate president, from 2007 to 2019.

But before he became a parliamentary Methuselah, Ekweremadu bagged a bachelor’s and master’s degree in law and also served in the Enugu State government between 1999 and 2002.

What’s he done now?

British media outfit, Sky News, reported on June 23rd, 2022 that Ekweremadu and his wife, Beatrice Nwanneka, had been arrested by the Metropolitan Police. Authorities accused the couple of conspiring to harvest the organs of a child in the United Kingdom (UK). They were charged to court for arranging the travel of a homeless Nigerian boy for an organ-donation operation in the UK.

ALSO READ: These Politicians’ Kids Are Taking Over from Their Parents

What are the issues?

The Ekweremadus have four children: two sons and two daughters. Their UK prosecutors told the Uxbridge Magistrates’ Court that one of their daughters, Sonia, suffers from kidney failure. This made it necessary for her to get a kidney transplant to save her life.

It’s important to note that the average wait time for a kidney transplant from a deceased donor is two to three years in the UK. But this wait time drops down to between three and six months for a living donor transplant. Crucially, living donors must also be aged 18 years or older according to the UK’s National Health Service (NHS). But the Ekweremadus said:

In contravention of this requirement, the living donor procured from the streets of Lagos by the Ekweremadus is only 15 years old. The minor in question has been identified as Ukpo Nwamini David. The UK prosecutors told the court that the facilitation of his travel for exploitation took place between August 1st, 2021 and May 5th, 2022.

The Metropolitan Police’s Specialist Crime unit launched an investigation into the Ekweremadu family in May after detectives were alerted to potential offences under modern slavery legislation.

The two suspects were finally arrested on June 21st, 2022 at Heathrow Airport in London. Prosecutors said they were on their way to Turkey, still trying to make the organ donation procedure happen for their daughter.

What are the suspects saying?

Senator Ekweremadu and Beatrice have denied the allegations in signed statements their lawyers presented to the court. Ekweremadu’s lawyer, Gavin Irwin, said his client has led a blameless life as a public servant and can’t possibly be guilty of what he’s accused of. Beatrice also claimed she has an unblemished record and couldn’t be involved in illegal trafficking.

A letter has surfaced online showing Ekweremadu notifying the British High Commission that David was a potential donor for Sonia. But the UK’s issue appears to be David’s minor status which makes it impossible for him to be a donor.

What’s going to happen now?

The court has adjourned a further hearing of the case till July 7th, 2022. The Ekweremadus were also denied bail and will remain in prison until the adjourned date.

ALSO READ: How Senate President Ahmad Lawan Is Getting Served Political Breakfast

Samson Toromade

June 24, 2022

Citizen

Ike Ekweremadu, Nigeria, Organ Donation, united kingdom
Why Are Nigerians Tired of Writing IELTS?

Nigerians are tired of writing the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). And the frustration with the system has fueled the launch of a campaign to address certain issues they have with it. In the past few weeks, thousands of people have signed the #ReformIELTS petition.

History lesson

IELTS was established in 1989 to assess the English language competence of non-native speakers with standardised tests. It’s jointly run by the British Council, University of Cambridge English Language Assessment and the International Development Programme (IDP), Australia.

IELTS results are globally recognised by over 10,000 organisations including educational institutions, governments, and employers. But Nigerians are questioning the necessity of the test and are calling for it to be reformed or scrapped.

The founder of Policy Shapers, Ebenezar Wikinar, is leading the reform campaign alongside other young Nigerians. Let’s look at some of the arguments presented.

1. High application fees

Registration fees for IELTS range from ₦83,000 (US$200.5) to ₦89,500 (US$216.2) in Nigeria — almost three times the country’s monthly minimum wage of ₦30,000.

Young Nigerians who want to japa to study in foreign institutions are often required to present IELTS results. The fees required to fulfill this requirement represent an additional financial burden many prospective international students bear when pursuing their student visas.

There are 11 IELTS test centre locations managed by the British Council in Nigeria, a 2020 ICIR report shows. Up to five test dates are observed monthly, and an average of 120 people write the test at a centre each day. With such a high frequency and the number of candidates, it was estimated that the Council must have made at least ₦5.15 billion from Nigerians in 2020.

This does not include the fees charged for remarking and certificate authentication which is what happens when a candidate is not satisfied with their result. Such a candidate may apply for the remarking of the paper for a fee of ₦15,000. The fee is refundable if the score increases upon review.

There are also extra costs like transport fare to exam centres and amounts paid to coaching centres for training. These centres charge between N20,000 to N40,000 per month.

2. Short shelf life

An IELTS test result becomes invalid after two years. That’s a shorter shelf life than agege bread. If you don’t migrate within the two-year timeframe, you have to re-apply for the exam. That means you also have to pay all the fees again.

It’s surprising that the organisers set such a short validity for a language proficiency result when people hardly lose their ability to speak a language within such a short period.

Wikina argues, “There’s no way that my English knowledge would expire.”

3. IELTS is absolutely unnecessary

While there are genuine demands for the reformation of IELTS, many people want it completely scrapped because it’s unnecessary. Nigerians seeking further education abroad have been taught in the English language their entire lives. This makes testing for their capacity to speak a language baked into their consciousness kind of ridiculous.

The UK Home Office granted an exemption to 18 countries from writing the IELTS. That exemption list includes Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana and Jamaica.

In October 2021, Policy Shapers wrote the UK Home Office for explanations on why no Anglophone country was on its Majority English Speaking Country (MESC) list. The UK replied that it must first have evidence that more than half of the people in the country speak English as a first language.

This explanation is considered a lazy one by campaigners because there’s enough evidence demonstrating the English proficiency of Nigerians.

Nigeria has maintained a high spot in the EF English Proficiency Index, currently ranked 29th out of 112 countries globally and 3rd in Africa.

Also, in 2018, Nigerians had the sixth-best performance out of over 140 countries that took IELTS.

What other evidence does the Home Office need to know that Nigerians deserve a place on its IELTS exemption list?

4. Nigerians deserve better treatment

Post-Brexit, the UK has been reviewing its immigration policy to attract more international talent. This includes the introduction of the Graduate Visa route which grants two years extended stay for students after their master’s degree in a UK school and three years for doctoral graduates.

Nigeria is one of the UK’s biggest markets for international students and deserves its listening ears regarding the IELTS exemption.

If the UK is serious in its bid to attract more Nigerian students and respect the economic gains it enjoys from Nigerian visa applicants, it should provide a better explanation as to why the country isn’t on its exemption list, the high registration fees for the test, and the short validity.

Reforming the IELTS will go a long way in restoring the Nigerian students’ confidence in the UK student visa application process, which will help it achieve its post-Brexit immigration policy.

In other words, the UK has more to gain in this whole call for reform.

Olusegun Akinfenwa writes for Immigration Advice Service, a leading UK-based law firm offering global immigration services and representation.

Contributor

March 13, 2022

Citizen

IELST, Reform, united kingdom
QUIZ: Which Country Were You Meant To Be Born In?

Have you ever wondered if your guardian angel made a mistake when assigning your new-born self to a country?

Take this quiz and find out where you really belong:

Miriam Onyemenam

February 12, 2021

Quizzes

Canada, dubai, Nigeria, Quizzes, united kingdom, USA